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== Reference ==
John Frazer, Tang Mingxi, Patrick Janssen, Julia Frazer, Liu Xiyu: Generative and Evolutionary Techniques for Building Envelope Design. In: [[Generative Art 2002]].

== DOI ==

== Abstract ==
The authors have been involved in the use of generative techniques for building envelope design
since 1968 and the use of genetic algorithms since 1990. Recent work has focused on
incorporating optimisation functions into form generating processes in order for new forms
responding to varied design environments to be created and determined. This paper will
summarise the authors’ previous work in this field and explain the theory behind this approach,
and illustrate recent developments. While the initial implementation of a new building envelope
design system is reported in more details in a related paper at this conference, this paper outlines
its main features and points out the direction at which it is to be fully developed and further
improved.

== Extended Abstract ==

== Bibtex ==

== Used References ==
Frazer, J.H., “An Evolutionary Architecture”, Architectural Association Publications,
London, 1995.

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Spaces and Places” (In Japanese) Ten Plus One, 10 + 1, No. 6, Japan, 1996, pp 100-103.

Frazer, J.H. and Connor, J.M., “A Conceptual Seeding Technique for Architectural
Design”. PArC79, proceedings of International Conference on the Application of
Computers in Architectural Design, Berlin, Online Conferences with AMK, 1979,
pp.425-34

Frazer, J.H. and Frazer, J.M., “The Evolutionary Model of Design” in Approaches to
Computer Aided Architectural Composition, Technical University of Bialystok, 1996, pp.
105-117.

Frazer, J.H., (1992), “Data Structures for Rule-Based and Genetic Design” in Kunii,
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Graham, P.C., “Evolutionary and Rule-Based Techniques in Computer-Aided Design”,
Doctorate Thesis, University of Ulster, 1995.

Graham, P.C., Frazer, J.H., Hull, M.C., “The Application of Genetic Algorithms to
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http://www.ellipsis/evolutionary/evolutionary.html#top 404

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http://www.ellipsis/evolutionary/interactivator.html#top 404

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78-79,

Schmitt, M., “Exploring New Urban Strategies” Workshop in the Opening the Envelope
Series, , Groningen, 1995.

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Publications, London, 1996, pp. 108-111.

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for Problems of Action and Observation Conference, Amsterdam, April 1997, pp. 14-16.

Frazer, J.H., 1997 “The Groningen Experiment” Global Co-operation in the Electronic
Evolution of Cities, CAADRIA ’97, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Computer
Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, April 1997, pp. 345-353

Frazer, J. H., “Le Experimento Groningen” (The Groningen Experiment) (Trans. Spanish
and English) Las ciudas inasibles, Fissuras 5, Madrid, December 1997, pp. 88-106.

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life form – Materialisation Phase II”, Architects in Cyberspace II, Architectural Design,
Vol 68, No 11/12 Nov-Dec 1998, pp8-11

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Architectural Design, Vol 68, No 11/12 Nov-Dec 1998, pp8-11

Frazer J. H., 1998, “MACROGENESIS: Generative Design at the Urban Scale”,
Generative Art, 1998, Milan, December, 1998.

Tang M. X., Frazer, J. H., “An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Industrial Design
Support”, Generative Art, 1998, Milan, Italy, December, 1998.

Ceccato, C., “MICROGENESIS: The Architect as Toolmaker: Computer-Based
Generative Design Tools and Methods”, Generative Art, Milan, Italy, December, 1998.

Ceccato, C., “Parametric Urbanism, Explorations in Generative Urban Design”,
Generative Art, Milan, Italy, December, 1999.

Ceccato, C., “On the Translation of Design Data into Design Form in Evolutionary
Design”, Generative Art 2000, Milan, Italy, 2000.

Ceccato, C., “Integration: Master, Planner, Programmer, Builder”, Generative Art 2001,
Milan, Italy, December, 2001.

Chan K. H., Frazer, J.H., and Tang M. X., 2001, “Interactive Evolutionary Design in a
Hierarchical Manner”, Generative Art 2001, Milan, Italy, December, 2001.

Janssen P.H.T., Frazer J.H, and Tang M. X., “Evolutionary Design Systems and
Generative Processes”, International Journal of Applied Intelligence on Creative
Evolutionary Systems edited by Peter Bentley and David Corne, International Journal of
Applied Intelligence.

Liu Hong, Tang M. X., and Frazer J. H., 2001, “Supporting Learning in Shared Design
Environment", International Journal of Advances in Engineering Software, Elsevier, Vol.
32, Pages 285-293.

Sun Jian, 2002. “Development of a Framework for Generative Product Design Support
Using Genetic Algorithms”, PhD Thesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2002.

Liu H., Tang M. X., and Frazer, J. H., “Supporting Evolution in a Multi-Agent
Cooperative Design Environment”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering
Software, 2002, 33(6), 319-328.

Chan K.H, Frazer, J.H., Tang M. X., “An Evolutionary Framework for Enhancing
Design, a Kernel of Computational Systems for Enhancing Design with Dynamic
Structure of Hierarchical Representations”, International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence in Design, July, 2002, Cambridge University, UK.

Xu, Z. G., Frazer, J. H., Tang M. X., “From Concept to Embodiment: Challenge and
Strategy, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Design”, July, 2002,
Cambridge University, UK.

Liu X. Y., Frazer, J.H., Tang M. X., “A Generative Design System Based on
Evolutionary and Mathematical Functions”, Generative Art 2002, Milan, Italy,
December, 2002.

== Links ==
=== Full Text ===
http://www.generativeart.com/on/cic/papersGA2002/3.pdf

http://eprints.qut.edu.au/10565/1/10565a.pdf

[[intern file]]

=== Sonstige Links ===

Generative and Evolutionary Techniques for Building Envelope Design - Versionsgeschichte

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