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== Reference ==
Liu, Y., Passino, K.M.: Swarm intelligence: Literature overview, 2000

== DOI ==

== Abstract ==
1 Swarms
A long time ago, people discovered the variety of the interesting insect or
animal behaviors in the nature. A ock of birds sweeps across the sky. A
group of ants forages for food. A school of sh swims, turns, ees together,
etc. 1]. We call this kind of aggregate motion \swarm behavior." Recently
biologists, and computer scientists in the eld of \arti cial life" have studied
how to model biological swarms to understand how such \social animals"
interact, achieve goals, and evolve. Moreover, engineers are increasingly
interested in this kind of swarm behavior since the resulting \swarm intel-
ligence" can be applied in optimization (e.g. in telecommunicate systems)
2], robotics 3, 4], tra c patterns in transportation systems, and military
applications 5].

A high-level view of a swarm suggests that the N agents in the swarm
are cooperating to achieve some proposeful behavior and achieve some goal.
This apparent \collective intelligence" seems to emerge from what are often
large groups of relatively simple agents. The agents use simple local rules
to govern their actions and via the interactions of the entire group, the
swarm achieves its objectives. A type of \self-organization" emerges from
the collection of actions of the group.

Swarm intelligence is the emergent collective intelligence of groups of
simple autonomous agents. Here, an autonomous agent is a subsystem that
interacts with its environment, which probably consists of other agents, but
acts relatively independently from all other agents. The autonomous agent
does not follow commands from a leader, or some global plan 6]. For ex-
ample, for a bird to participate in a ock, it only adjusts its movements to
coordinate with the movements of its ock mates, typically its \neighbors"
that are close to it in the ock. A bird in a ock simply tries to stay close
to its neighbors, but avoid collisions with them. Each bird does not take
commands from any leader bird since there is no lead bird. Any bird can y
in the front, center and back of the swarm. Swarm behavior helps birds take
advantage of several things including protection from predators (especially
for birds in the middle of the ock), and searching for food (essentially each
bird is exploiting the eyes of every other bird).

== Extended Abstract ==

== Bibtex ==

== Used References ==
References
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1962.

2] E. Bonabeau, M. Dorigo, and G. Theraulaz, Swarm Intelligence: From
Natural to Arti cial Systems. NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.

3] R. Arkin, Behavior-Based Robotics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.

4] G. Beni and J. Wang, \Swarm intelligence in cellular robotics systems,"
in Proceeding of NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological
System, 1989.

5] M. Pachter and P. Chandler, \Challenges of autonomous control," IEEE
Control Systems Magazine, pp. 92{97, April 1998.

6] G. Flake, The Computational Beauty of Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press, 1999.

7] C. Reynolds, \Flocks, herds, and schools: A distributed behavioral
model," Comp. Graph, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 25{34, 1987.

8] M. Resnick, Turtles, Termites, and Tra c Jams: Explorations in Mas-
sively Parallel Microworlds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.

9] D. Terzopoulos, X. Tu, and R. Grzeszczuk, \Arti cial shes with au-
tonomous locomotion, perception, behavior, and learning in a simulated
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10] M. Millonas, \Swarms, phase transitions, and collective intelligence,"
in Arti cial Life III, Addison-Wesley, 1994.

11] K. Sims, \Evolving 3d morphology and behavior by competition," in
Arti cial Life I, p. 353, MIT Press, 1994.

12] G. Dudek and et al., \A taxonomy for swarm robots," in IEEE/RSJ
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16] M. Mataric, \Minimizing complexity in controlling a mobile robot
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17] T. Fukuda, T. Ueyama, and T. Sugiura, \Self-organization and swarm
intelligence in the society of robot being," in Proceedings of the 2nd In-
ternational Symposium on Measurement and Control in Robotics, 1992.

18] T. Fukuda, G. Iritani, T. Ueyama, and F. Arai, \Optimization of group
behavior on cellular robotic system in dynamic environment," in Pro-
ceedings of the 1994 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and
Automation, pp. 1027{1032, 1994.

19] T. Fukuda, D. Funato, K. Sekiyam, and F. Arai, \Evaluation on ex-
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International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 3210{3215,
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20] A. Mogilner and L. Edelstein-Keshet, \A non-local model for a swarm,"
Journal of Mathematical Biology, vol. 38, pp. 534{570, 1999.

21] K. Jin, P. Liang, and G. Beni, \Stability of synchronized distributed
control of discrete swarm structures," in IEEE International Conference
on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1033{1038, 1994.

22] G. Beni and P. Liang, \Pattern recon guration in swarms{convergence
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23] K. Passino and K. Burgess, Stability Analysis of Discrete Event Sys-
tems. New York: John Wiley and Sons Pub., 1998.

== Links ==
=== Full Text ===
http://www.ece.osu.edu/~passino/swarms.pdf

[[intern file]]

=== Sonstige Links ===

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Gbachelier: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „ == Reference == Liu, Y., Passino, K.M.: Swarm intelligence: Literature overview, 2000 == DOI == == Abstract == 1 Swarms A long time ago, people discovered …“