Warning: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". Did you mean to use "continue 2"? in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/json/FormatJson.php on line 297

Deprecated: Optional parameter $prefix declared before required parameter $code is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/languages/Language.php on line 4267

Deprecated: Return type of ResultWrapper::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/DatabaseUtility.php on line 174

Deprecated: Return type of ResultWrapper::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/DatabaseUtility.php on line 192

Deprecated: Return type of ResultWrapper::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/DatabaseUtility.php on line 185

Deprecated: Return type of ResultWrapper::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/DatabaseUtility.php on line 202

Deprecated: Return type of ResultWrapper::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/DatabaseUtility.php on line 163

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::open($save_path, $session_name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 172

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 187

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::read($id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 201

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::write($id, $dataStr) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 229

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::destroy($id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 335

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 355

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 611

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 616

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 626

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 621

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 636

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 631

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 645

Deprecated: Return type of & MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 657

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 666

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/session/Session.php on line 670

Warning: Private methods cannot be final as they are never overridden by other classes in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/actions/Action.php on line 67

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Warning: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". Did you mean to use "continue 2"? in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/languages/LanguageConverter.php on line 757

Deprecated: Message implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/Message.php on line 159

Deprecated: RawMessage implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/Message.php on line 1250

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: Optional parameter $label declared before required parameter $alt is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/Linker.php on line 726

Deprecated: Optional parameter $label declared before required parameter $alt is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/DummyLinker.php on line 144

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: header(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($response_code) of type int is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42

Deprecated: header(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($response_code) of type int is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42

Deprecated: header(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($response_code) of type int is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42

Deprecated: header(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($response_code) of type int is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/WebResponse.php on line 42

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/skins/SkinTemplate.php on line 354

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: Optional parameter $attribs declared before required parameter $contents is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/Xml.php on line 131

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /mnt/web618/b0/56/5203556/htdocs/mediawiki_01/includes/db/Database.php on line 1745

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=First Exploring a Design Space for Patterns and Tilings Competition 2015 =

to do:

* prototiles

* S(col): Set of possible colorations of prototiles in pattern 

* overlap def

* gap artefacts at edges with prototile polygons with angles other than {90, 45}

* alternative/extended approach: tiling pattering with image format that supports layer representation. relaxation of fitness condition overlap &amp;rarr; min






=Introduction=

The goal of this periodic programming competition is to develop methods that can explore a very general but on the other side specific design space of 2 dimensional patterns and tilings (see [[#Definition_of_the_Pattern_Design_Space | DS-definition]]), implement those methods and and apply them to build alongside an open source repository of generation commands for interesting patterns and tilings that could be used directly in image editing by contemporary and future artists, illustrators, designers, ... 


To be usefull for image editing purposes geometric construction of patterns and tiles is not sufficient; one must be able to build these structures by prototiles shaped cut-out image parts. This becomes possibe if patterns and tilings are build from prototiles by image processing commands (like CRMT-commands (clone, rotate, mirroring, translate)). Monochrome prototiles can be used in the learning phase where a command list is seachred that builds the pattern but in the application phase a prototile with transparent background will be first used as a mask to cut out a part of an other image and then a pattern is build with such image parts from scratch. Principal examples to such an approach are the implementations of the euclidean symmetry groups by [[Günter Bachelier | G. Bachelier]] 2007 with [http://www.imagemagick.org/script/perl-magick.php PerlMagick] see [[#References_.26_Links | References &amp; Links]]. 

 
The search for a tile generation procedure could be thought as a 2D packaging problem with overlap &amp;rarr; min &amp;and; gap &amp;rarr; min in combination with a learning/optimaziation procedure to generate a sequence of image processing commands that could build a pattern with given prototiles from scratch. The advantage of this approach is the seperation of learning and application: The learning procedure can be one of the many alternatives from symbolic AI, statistical learning, Neuronal Networks to Evolutionary Computation so a huge number of researchers from diverse fields could potentially participate in this contest. Regarding to the method independent approach this type of competition could be similar to the data science competitions at [http://www.kaggle.com/competitions Kaggle]; nevertheless the focus will be on Evolutionary Computation because of the embedding in an Evolutionary Art context. 

On the other hand if a command list that generates a pattern is available this list can be used, interpreted and modified in many other programming languages and environments independent of the learning environment. 






evidence that Shape Grammars are well suited to represent patterns and tilings (for example: E. Ulu, S. M. ŞENER: [[A SHAPE GRAMMAR MODEL TO GENERATE ISLAMIC GEOMETRIC PATTERN]]. In: [[Generative Art 2009]]; S. Cenani, G. Cagdas: [[A Shape Grammar Study: Form Generation with Geometric Islamic Patterns]]. In: [[Generative Art 2007]]) therefore Grammatical Genetic Programming Systems (http://www.grammatical-evolution.org/) would be one obvious choice for a learning environment.


An other approch coud be [[Schwarm Algorithmen | swarm algorithms]] were [[Ameisen Algorithmen | ants]] are carrying different types of polygons around a plane part, put them down and pick them up at different places following local rules to build patterns. To make this approach efficient the building history must be revised after a pattern is generatet to remove unproductive actions. 










=Competition terms=

In the first Competition the task is to reproduce as much as possible of the known tilings with the CRMT-approach. If the goal would be solely reproducing existing tilings one could use existing algorithms for example in math environments like [http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/ Mathematica] in combination with a general strategy to generate image command lists for any geometrically constructed pattern. But because the goal is more general such approaches should not be honored. 

One could use a given source like "B. Wichmann: The world of Patterns" see [[#References_.26_Links | References &amp; Links]] as reference for the tile classification and the tile examples. 

Each competitor must verify the capability of his approach by submitting a minimum number of $tile_nr_min different tiles. 

The winning condition is the maximal number of submitted different tiles.  

For the proof of the number of submitted tiles and their verifiability each competitor (person or team) must register in a wiki design_space_of_tiling (to be made) and every submitted tile must be documented there with the given page [[Design Space of Tiling Template | template]]. 

Every entry in the [[Design Space of Tiling Template | template]] (text, code, command lists, images, ...) will be published under a creative commons licence that allow the unrestriced use for all non-commercial and comercial purposes. 

Competition start: xx.xx.2015

Competition end: yy.yy.2016
 
[[#Note to CC licence | Note to CC licence]]


=Prize money=
$$$



= Definition of a tile generation task =

'''Given:''' 

# One or more basic polygon shapes: $S1 ( ..., $Sn) given as png files where the shape points are touching the canvas boarders and with transparent background. The shapes are monochromatic.
# A pattern image $P with width $w_P and height $h_P that should be covered with the shapes. 
# A set of image processing commands like (clone, rotate, mirror, translate).
# A fitness condition (which defines the problem as a 2-objective minimization problem): overlap &amp;rarr; min &amp;and; gap &amp;rarr; min.

[[#Note to pattern image | Note to pattern image]] - [[#Note to pattern image and image processing commands | Note to pattern image and image processing commands]] - [[#Notes to fitness condition | Notes to fitness condition]] 



'''Wanted:''' 

The Pareto front of solution candidates consisting of image processing command lists $comdo_list_j. Each command list consists of 5-tuples $5_tuple_j_k of parameters for the four CRMT commands: 

# coding of the clone command by using a shape number: {1, ..., n} 
# coding of the rotate command: [0,360[  degrees
# coding of a mirror command: 0 => do nothing, 1 => flip (top-bottum), 2 => flop (right-left)
# coding of a translate command with one value for the x-axis and one for the y-axis.

[[#Note to rotation | Note to rotation]] - [[#Note to translation | Note to translation]]


'''Example:'''

A 5-tuple (1, 45, 1, 254, 476) would be interpreted as: 

Clone shape S1 =>  rotate it +45 degree => correct rotation => flip it => translate the shape over the pattern image $P with x=>254 and y=>476

In PearlMagick this would be the following processing pipeline: 

$S1 = $Shape_list->[0]->Clone();

$S1->Rotate(degrees=>'45', color=>'transparent'); 

$S1->Trim(); 

$S1->Flip(); 

$Pattern->Composite(image=>$S1, compose=>'over', x=>'254', y=>'476', color=>'transparent', matte=>'true');


=Required components=
1) Automatic programming environment/Evolutionary algorithm-environment that generates populations of solution candidates.

2) Image-interpreter that generates candidate images from the solution candidates by using a graphic program or library (like Image Magick or OpenGL). 

3) Fitness-evaluator that is counting the gap pixels and compute the overlay pixels of the candidate images with the help of the command list. 



=Procedure=
Generate an initial population of solution candidates: $comdo_list_t_0_j, j = 1, ..., n; 

Until ($stop_criterion == 0) {

Interprete the solution candidates with the given shapes to generate candidate images: $image_t_j;

Compute the fitness values $gap_j and $overlay_j for every candidate images;

Check the stop criterion;

Reproduction: apply a multi(2)-objective method to generate a new population of solution candidates with the help of the fitness values; 

}; 



= Definition of the Pattern Design Space =
The combinatorical pattern design space of this idea could be written as the Cartesian product

PDS = S(poly) x S(com) x S(fit) x S($P) x Sdim) x S(geo)

with

# S(poly): Set of possible shapes/polygons (if one shape is used) or set of combinations of possible shapes/polygons (if more than one shape is used)
# S(com):  Set of possible commands (with {clone, rotate, mirror, translate} as the minimal set)
# S(fit):  Set of possible fitness conditions
# S($P):   Set of possible sizes of pattern image $P
# S(dim):  Set of possible dimensions
# S(geo):  Set of possible geometries

In the first run/runs of this programming competition the Design Space should be constrained: 
# S(poly) = Set of possible shapes/polygons (if one shape is used) or Set of combinations of possible shapes/polygons
# S(com)  = {clone, rotate, mirror, translate}.
# S(fit)  = {overlap &amp;rarr; min &amp;and; gap &amp;rarr; min}.
# S($P)   = {($w_P, $h_P)  = f($mult, $w_S_i, $h_S_i | i = 1, …, n)}.
# S(dim)  = {2}. 
# S(geo)  = {euclidean}.



=Public Relation strategy for the Competition=
* '''Mail in mailing lists'''
** EC Digest The Evolutionary Computation Mail Digest http://ec-digest.research.ucf.edu/ EC-Digest-l@listserv.gmu.edu
** https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/genetic_programming/info

* '''Post in online forum'''

* '''Cooperation with blogger'''
** http://blog.hackingevolution.net/keki-burjorjee/

* '''Cooperation with conferences'''
** EvoMUSART
** EuroGP
** GECCO

* '''Cooperation with journals'''
** Evolutionary Computation http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/evco http://www.researchgate.net/journal/1530-9304_Evolutionary_Computation
** Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/journal/10710 http://gpemjournal.blogspot.de/ http://www.researchgate.net/journal/1389-2576_Genetic_Programming_and_Evolvable_Machines
** Swarm and Evolutionary Computation http://www.journals.elsevier.com/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation/ https://www.researchgate.net/journal/2090-4908_International_Journal_of_Swarm_Intelligence_and_Evolutionary_Computation
** Journal of Mathematics and the Arts http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tmaa20/current#.VKU6FNegMhc https://www.researchgate.net/journal/1751-3472_Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts

* '''Cooperation with scientific societies'''
** SIGEVO - ACM Special Interest Group on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation http://sigevo.hosting.acm.org/wiki/tiki-index.php http://www.sigevolution.org/ https://www.researchgate.net/journal/1931-8499_ACM_SIGEVOlution

* '''Scientific Social Networks''' (ask question, make post, make announcement, ...)
** https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guenter_Bachelier
** https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%BCnterBachelier

=Notes=
==Note to CC licence==
* CC0 Public Domain https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero/?lang=en
* CC4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode https://creativecommons.org/choose/ Usage with "appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.")

==Note to pattern image==
A predefined pattern image $P has the disadvantage that it does not reflect the size of the shape/shapes. A tiling should be large enough that one can see the regularities but it should be restricted because the cost of building a tiling is growing with the size of the pattern. Therefore the width and hight of the pattern image should be a function of the width and height of the shape image (or values if several shapes are used) and a multiplier $mult: ($w_P, $h_P) = f($mult, $w_S, $h_S) or ($w_P, $h_P)  = f($mult, $w_S_i, $h_S_i | i = 1, …, n). A 3x3- or 4x4-pattern should be sufficient and for the function one could for example determine th shape with the largest number of pixels and use its width and hight.

==Note to pattern image and image processing commands== 
In the work about the euclidean symmetry groups [[Günter Bachelier | G. Bachelier]] used a slightly different approach for the pattern image and the processing commands ([[#References_.26_Links | References &amp; Links]]). The generation process of a tile begins with one shape (equals the pattern image) and this image is successively extended at one of its four edges and then a shape of the same type is rotated, mirrored and translated in one of the edges of the extended image. This means that the tile is growing until it has reached its full size so the command list used in this variant would be (clone, rotate, mirror, extent, translate) (see: http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/crop/#extent or "Extent" method in http://www.imagemagick.org/script/perl-magick.php). With the parameters width=>integer and height=>integer the new size of the tile part is defined and with gravity=>{NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast} it is defined where to insert an image part with background=>'transparent'. The advantage of this approch is that one needs only the gravity-parameter with its 8 possible values for the translation instead of the x and y values. Possibly such an extend-approach would be more efficient because it reduces the search space of the optimization problem but on the other side this has the risk of becomming trapped in a local sub-minimum. 

==Notes to fitness condition==
* This 2-objective minimization is independent of any kind of aesthetic measure. The definition of an appropriate measure for tilings/patterns build with monochrome shapes sould be part of one following competition. 
* The definition of gap is obvious as the number of transparent pixel in a candidate image and can be determined with the result image without the knowlege of the generation process i.e. the command lists. The defition of overlap is more complex and it seems that it requires the resulting candidate image and the command list. There is a sketch of an inductive proof of the overlap measure: 
++++++++++++++++++++

for the case of using one shape type and the case of using more than one shape type. 



==Note to rotation== 
If a shape is rotated the ratio of the image can increase and the shape is not any more touching the image borders. This has consequences for the following translation because the translation in ImageMagick uses the left upper point as reference for the x- and y-value and uncorrected this would lead to gaps and/or overlaps. To correct this the parameterless IM-method Trim() can be used directly after rotation ($image=>Trim();) 

==Note to translation==
If one uses an interpreter that can not use sub-pixel precision a naive range would be: x: [0, ..., $w_P - 1] and y: [0, ..., $h_P - 1]. But one must allow negative values to compose shapes in a way that the boarder regions of the pattern canvas are covered. Be w_shape_before_translate the width and  h_shape_before_translate the height of the shape canvas before the translation the ranges are expanded to x: [-w_shape_before_translate + 1, ..., $w_P - 1], y: [-h_shape_before_translate + 1, ..., $h_P - 1]. (In PerlMagick the translate command would be integrated in a compose_over-command with absolute x and y coordinates.)

==Note to 6-Tupel extention approach==
Alternatively a 6-Tupel is used for the extention approach: 

# coding of the clone command by using a shape number: {1, ..., n} 
# coding of the rotate command: [0,360[  degrees
# coding of a mirror command: 0 => do nothing, 1 => flip (top-bottum), 2 => flop (right-left)
# coding of an extent command with one parameter for the four sides that is extented side and one for extention measure: 
##gravity=>{NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast}
##delta-extention. 
# coding of a translate command with one parameter: gravity=>{NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast}. 


For example a 6-tuple (1, 45, 1, West, 254, West) would be interpreted as: 

Clone shape S1 =>  rotate it +45 degree => correct rotation => flip it => extent the pattern on its right side (West) to 254 pixel with transparent background => translate the shape over the pattern image on the west side


In PearlMagick this would be the following processing pipeline: 

$S1 = $Shape_list->[0]->Clone();

$S1->Rotate(degrees=>'45', color=>'transparent'); 

$S1->Trim(); 

$S1->Flip(); 

($p_w, $p_h) = $Pattern->Get('columns', 'rows');

$Pattern->Extent(gravity=>'West', width=>$p_w+254, height=>$p_h, background=>'transparent'); 

$Pattern->Composite(image=>$S1, compose=>'over', gravity=>'West', color=>'transparent', matte=>'true');



= References &amp; Links =
* '''Descriptions of some euclidean symmetry groups with a clone-rotate-mirror-translate-approach ([[Günter Bachelier |G. Bachelier]] 2007):''' (note: web links in the pdf's are not valid any more)
# http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/IM-examples/IM-plane_group_pmm/pmm_e.pdf
# http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/IM-examples/IM-plane_group_p4m/p4m_e.pdf
# http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/IM-examples/IM-plane_group_p3m1/p3m1_ges_e.pdf
# http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/IM-examples/IM-plane_group_p6m/p6m_e.pdf
# http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/IM-examples/IM-plane_group_p3/p3_e.pdf
# http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/IM-examples/IM-plane_group_p31m/p31m_e.pdf

* [[Günter Bachelier | G. Bachelier]]'s evolutionary art processes (2007) with some pointers to his use of euclidean symmetry groups: Günter Bachelier: [[Embedding of Pixel-Based Evolutionary Algorithms in My Global Art Process]]. In: [[Literatur_zur_Evolution%C3%A4ren_Kunst#Romero_.26_Machado:_The_Art_of_Artificial_Evolution | Romero, Juan; Machado, Penousal: The Art of Artificial Evolution]]. Springer, Berlin, 2007, S. 249-268. http://www.vi-anec.de/Trance-Art/AROSHU/Talks/SpringerEArtBook2006rev.pdf

* Sehnaz Cenani, Gulen Cagdas: [[A Shape Grammar Study: Form Generation with Geometric Islamic Patterns]]. In: Celestino Soddu (ed.): [[Generative Art 2007]], X Generative Art Conference 12-14 December 2007. ISBN: 9788896610084. http://www.generativeart.com/on/cic/papersGA2007/22.pdf

* Ebru Ulu, Sinan Mert ŞENER: [[A SHAPE GRAMMAR MODEL TO GENERATE ISLAMIC GEOMETRIC PATTERN]]. In: [[Generative Art 2009]]. http://www.generativeart.com/on/cic/GA2009Papers/p25.pdf

* Ramgopal Rajagopalan, Eric Hortop, Dania El-Khechen, Cheryl Kolak Dudek, Lydia Sharman, Fred Szabo, Thomas Fevens and Sudhir Mudhur: [[Inference and Design in Kuba and Zillij Art with Shape Grammars]]. Pages 419–428 http://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2006/bridges2006-419.html http://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2006/bridges2006-419.pdf

* B. Lynn Bodner: [[Hankin’s ‘Polygons in Contact’ Grid Method for Recreating a Decagonal Star Polygon Design]]. Pages 21–28 http://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2008/bridges2008-21.html http://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2008/bridges2008-21.pdf

* http://www.grammatical-evolution.org/

* Data Science Competitions: http://www.kaggle.com/competitions

* Tilings Encyclopedia (for sustitution rules): http://tilings.math.uni-bielefeld.de

* Fractal Tiling: http://www.mathartfun.com/shopsite_sc/store/html/Compendium/encyclopedia.html

* Brian Wichmann: The world of Patterns. 2001. ISBN: 978-981-02-4619-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812839008_0001 http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/4698#t=toc



=Tiling Classification in "B. Wichmann: The world of Patterns"=

==1) Mathematical==

===1.1) Regular polygons all having the same edge length===

1.1.1) The simplest form of tiling pattern with only regular polygons are those known to the Greeks (these have only one type of vertex): Archimedean tilings

1.1.2) The next simplest category of tilings with regular polygons are those with two different types of vertices.

1.1.3) The obvious generalization of the above are those tilings with three different types of vertices.

1.1.4) Tilings formed from tiles which dissect a regular polygon.

1.1.5) Tilings produced just with squares, but having different edge lengths.

1.1.6) Tilings produced just with equilateral triangles, but having different edge lengths.

1.1.7) Tilings produced with a mixture of regular polygons, but having different edge lengths.

1.1.8) Tilings produced with a regular polygon and another polygon having maximal symmetry.

1.1.9) Lastly, other shapes of mathematical interest are collected here. 


===1.2) Containing mainly regular star polygons all having the same edge length===

1.2.1) This part contains regular patterns with star polygons.

1.2.2) This part contains regular tilings with degenerate star polygons with just four sides, ie diamonds.

1.2.3) Other patterns with star polygons. 


===1.3) Tiling patterns made entirely from one shape: Monohedral Patterns===

1.3.1) Tilings in which the single shape is a triangle.

1.3.2) Tilings in which the single shape is a quadrilateral.

1.3.3) Tilings in which the single shape is pentagonal.

1.3.4) Tilings in which the single shape is hexagonal.

1.3.5) Tilings formed by joining equilateral triangles together.

1.3.6) Tilings formed by joining squares together.

1.3.7) Tilings formed by joining regular hexagons together.

1.3.8) Other convex monohedral tilings.

1.3.9) Tilings having a central point.

1.3.10) For most single tiles which tile the plane, the same shape can tile the plane infinitely many ways. For some tiles, the number of ways is limited to 1, 2, etc up to a maximum of 12.

1.3.11) Several beautiful patterns are made by tiling the plane in a spiral design.

1.3.12) Lastly, other shapes of mathematical interest are collected here, including those designed for their artistic effect. 

    
===1.4) Patterns defined by the symmetry classes of the vertices and tiles: Homeohedral Tilings===

1.4.1) 2-homeohedral tilings.

1.4.1) Others. 


===1.5) Other shapes of mathematical interest===

1.5.1) Patterns made from polygons which can tile the plane in a limited number of ways (due to P Schmitt).

1.5.2) Monohedral tilings with regular vertices.
    
1.5.3) Tilings made only from infinite lines.
    
1.5.4) Tilings made from recursive defined patterns.
    
1.5.5) Others. 



==2) Artistic==

===2.1) Pre-Islamic===

2.1.1) Roman

2.1.2) Celtic

2.1.3) Those collected by F M Hessemer (which actually covers Arabic and Italian sources)

2.1.4) Those collected by Carol Grafton (which actually later but are mainly in the Byzantine style)

2.1.5) Those collected by Robert Field from churches

2.1.6) Other earlier patterns 


===2.2) Islamic===

2.2.1) J Bourgoin

2.2.2) I El-Said and A Parman

2.2.3) David Wade

2.2.4) S J Abas and A S Salman

2.2.5) Mirza Akber

2.2.6) The Iranian collection

2.2.7) Tilings with a grill design. These are mainly derived from window and door grills

2.2.8) Tilings from the Topkapi Roll

2.2.9) Tilings which are at two levels

2.2.10) Robert Field

2.2.11) Other sources 


===2.3) Post-Islamic===

2.3.1) Quilt patterns

2.3.2) Lattice patterns

2.3.3) Other patterns


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