Swarm intelligence: Literature overview
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Reference
Liu, Y., Passino, K.M.: Swarm intelligence: Literature overview, 2000
DOI
Abstract
1 Swarms A long time ago, people discovered the variety of the interesting insect or animal behaviors in the nature. A ock of birds sweeps across the sky. A group of ants forages for food. A school of sh swims, turns, ees together, etc. 1]. We call this kind of aggregate motion \swarm behavior." Recently biologists, and computer scientists in the eld of \arti cial life" have studied how to model biological swarms to understand how such \social animals" interact, achieve goals, and evolve. Moreover, engineers are increasingly interested in this kind of swarm behavior since the resulting \swarm intel- ligence" can be applied in optimization (e.g. in telecommunicate systems) 2], robotics 3, 4], tra c patterns in transportation systems, and military applications 5].
A high-level view of a swarm suggests that the N agents in the swarm are cooperating to achieve some proposeful behavior and achieve some goal. This apparent \collective intelligence" seems to emerge from what are often large groups of relatively simple agents. The agents use simple local rules to govern their actions and via the interactions of the entire group, the swarm achieves its objectives. A type of \self-organization" emerges from the collection of actions of the group.
Swarm intelligence is the emergent collective intelligence of groups of simple autonomous agents. Here, an autonomous agent is a subsystem that interacts with its environment, which probably consists of other agents, but acts relatively independently from all other agents. The autonomous agent does not follow commands from a leader, or some global plan 6]. For ex- ample, for a bird to participate in a ock, it only adjusts its movements to coordinate with the movements of its ock mates, typically its \neighbors" that are close to it in the ock. A bird in a ock simply tries to stay close to its neighbors, but avoid collisions with them. Each bird does not take commands from any leader bird since there is no lead bird. Any bird can y in the front, center and back of the swarm. Swarm behavior helps birds take advantage of several things including protection from predators (especially for birds in the middle of the ock), and searching for food (essentially each bird is exploiting the eyes of every other bird).
Extended Abstract
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Used References
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